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The Renaissance (Parts 1 - 5):

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici

The founder of the Medici Bank in 1397, who established the principles of prudence and the operational framework that led to the family's financial dominance.

Bank

A financial institution that accepts deposits and provides loans. The word comes from the Italian banca, the bench or table from which medieval bankers conducted their business. 

Prudence

The quality of being cautious and careful in financial matters, avoiding excessive risk.

Risk

The possibility of financial loss in a commercial venture. 

Collateral

An asset pledged by a borrower to a lender to secure a loan.

Double-entry bookkeeping

An accounting method that records every transaction with both a debit and a credit, providing a more accurate and complete view of a business's financial health. 

Branch Banking

The practice of operating multiple bank locations, often in different cities or countries, all connected to a central headquarters to facilitate the transfer of funds and expand services.

Bill of Exchange

A written order used in long-distance trade that binds one party to pay another a fixed sum. 

International Banking

The practice of conducting banking operations across national borders, which the Medici perfected through their network of branches.

Cosimo de' Medici

The powerful head of the Medici family who used the bank's immense wealth to become the de facto ruler of Florence from 1434 to 1464. 

Patronage

Financial support given by the wealthy to artists, architects, and scholars. For the Medici, this was both a cultural contribution and a tool for building political influence.

Letter of Credit

A financial instrument issued by a bank that guarantees a payment to a third party. The Medici used these to facilitate trade and allow their clients to access funds in different cities across Europe. 

Luca Pacioli

An Italian mathematician and Franciscan friar who, in 1494, published the first detailed description of the double-entry bookkeeping system, an act that codified the practice and led to his being known as the "Father of Accounting." 

Double-entry bookkeeping

An accounting system where every financial transaction is recorded in at least two different accounts—as a debit in one account and a credit in another.

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

The fundamental accounting equation that is the foundation of the modern balance sheet. It states that what a company owns (assets) is equal to what it owes to others (liabilities) plus what the owners have invested (equity). 

Assets

Resources with economic value that an individual or company owns. Or: Resources that put money in your pocket. 

Liabilities

A company's financial debts or obligations. Or: Resources that take money out of your pocke.

Equity

The value of an ownership interest in a business, calculated as assets minus liabilities.

Blockchain

A modern, decentralized digital ledger technology where transactions are recorded in a secure, verifiable, and permanent way across many computers. It is sometimes conceptually referred to as "triple-entry bookkeeping."

Bad Debt

Loans that are unlikely to be repaid by the borrower, resulting in financial losses for the lender. A primary cause of the Medici Bank's decline.

Political Instability

A state of uncertainty or unrest in a political system, which can disrupt economic activity and make loans riskier. The bank's deep involvement in politics made it vulnerable to this.

Joint-stock company

A business structure where ownership is divided into shares of stock, allowing investors to pool their resources and share the risks and rewards of large-scale ventures. 

Sources for The Renaissance (Part 1): The Foundations of a Fortune

  • "The Medici, 1340-1737" by Ferdinand Schevill
  • "Pacioli on Accounting" by R. Gene Brown and Kenneth S. Johnston
  • "The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall" by Christopher Hibbert
  • "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence" by Tim Parks

Sources for The Renaissance (Part 2): The Banker Who Ruled a Republic

  • "The Medici, 1340-1737" by Ferdinand Schevill
  • "The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall" by Christopher Hibbert
  • "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence" by Tim Parks
  • World History Encyclopedia, "Cosimo de' Medici"

Sources for The Renaissance (Part 3): The Accountant's Revolution

  • "The Wealth and Poverty of Nations" by David S. Landes
  • "A History of Capitalism, 1500-2000" by Michel Beaud
  • "Pacioli on Accounting" by R. Gene Brown and Kenneth S. Johnston
  • World History Encyclopedia, "Luca Pacioli"

Sources for The Renaissance (Part 4): The Perils of Power

  • "The Medici, 1340-1737" by Ferdinand Schevill
  • "The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall" by Christopher Hibbert
  • "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence" by Tim Parks

Sources for The Renaissance (Part 5): The Medici Legacy

  • "The Medici, 1340-1737" by Ferdinand Schevill
  • "The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall" by Christopher Hibbert
  • "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence" by Tim Parks

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