The Hellenistic World (Parts 1 - 4):

The era between the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) and the rise of the Roman Empire (c. 31 BCE). 

Exclusive control by the state or king over a key industry (like grain or papyrus). 

A large organization of state officials responsible for managing a country's affairs, particularly its finances and taxation. 

A policy where a country requires all internal transactions to be conducted in its own unique currency, forcing international traders to exchange foreign money at state-controlled banks. 

The business of trading one nation's currency for another's. 

A form of government where power is held by the people and their elected representatives, rather than a king.

A port city with low taxes (customs duties) designed to attract a high volume of transit trade. 

The business of goods passing through a port on the way from one country to another. 

A tax collected on goods as they enter a country or port.

A comprehensive and influential code of maritime law. Its key principle was General Average.

The principle that if cargo is sacrificed to save a ship from a common peril, the financial loss is shared proportionally by all parties involved in the voyage. 

The use of financial and commercial strategies (like blockades or currency manipulation) by one state to weaken another.

The practice of a state altering its own currency or flooding a region with its coinage to gain a strategic advantage. 

The act of reducing the amount of precious metal in a coin while keeping its official face value the same.

Raw materials or geographic locations that are essential for a state's economy and military power.

A system where a government sells the right to collect taxes in a province to a private company. 

The unequal distribution of assets and income among the individuals in a society.

The practice where wealthy individuals would donate large sums of their private money to fund public works and services, gaining honor and social status in return.

Projects financed for public use, such as temples, theaters, and aqueducts.

The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes.

The large organization of state officials who administered a government's finances and taxation system. 

• "The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World" edited by Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris, and Richard Saller.
• "The Economy of Ptolemaic Egypt" by J. G. Manning.
• "The Hellenistic Age: A Short History" by Peter Green.
• World History Encyclopedia, articles on "Ptolemaic Dynasty" and "Hellenistic Civilization."

• "The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World" edited by Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris, and Richard Saller.
• "The Making of the Hellenistic World" by Graham Shipley.
• World History Encyclopedia, articles on "Rhodes" and "The Colossus of Rhodes."
• "Maritime Law in the Roman World" by Paul J. du Plessis.

• "The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World" edited by Walter Scheidel, Ian Morris, and Richard Saller.
• "The Frame of the Ancient Greek Economy" by S. C. Humphreys.
• "The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome" by Erich S. Gruen.
• World History Encyclopedia, articles on "Seleucid Empire" and "Ptolemaic Dynasty."

• "The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World" edited by Walter Schedel, Ian Morris, and Richard Saller.
• "Generosity and the Limits of Authority: The Power of Euergetism" by Arjan Zuiderhoek.
• "The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources" by Peter Thonemann.
• World History Encyclopedia, articles on "Hellenistic Civilization" and "Euergetism."