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The American Ledger (Parts 1 - 7):

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France for $15 million.

Debt Financing

The act of borrowing money to fund a project, purchase, or business operation. 

National Debt

The total amount of money owed by a government.

Money Supply

The total amount of money in circulation within an economy.

Thomas Jefferson

Third President of the United States, who orchestrated the Louisiana Purchase. 

Albert Gallantin

Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson, who played a key role in financing the purchase. 

California Gold Rush

The mass migration of people to California that began in 1848 following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill.

"Forty-Niners"

The popular nickname for the prospectors who flooded into California during the peak of the Gold Rush migration in 1849.

Money Supply

The total amount of money in circulation in an economy. The Gold Rush caused a massive increase in the global money supply.

Gold Standard

A monetary system where a country's currency value is directly linked to a fixed quantity of gold. The influx of California gold was a key factor in solidifying this system in the 19th century. 

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of an economy. The San Francisco Mint was a crucial piece of financial infrastructure. 

Inflation

A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money, which was a direct consequence of the new supply of gold.

William Seward

The U.S. Secretary of State who orchestrated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

Seward's Folly

The popular, derogatory nickname for the Alaska Purchase, reflecting the widespread belief at the time that it was a foolish and wasteful expenditure. 

Natural Resources

Raw materials derived from the earth (such as gold, oil, timber, and fish) that can be a source of immense wealth. The bet on these resources was the core of Seward's investment thesis.

Strategic Investment

An investment made not just for immediate financial return, but to achieve a long-term geopolitical or competitive advantage. 

Contrarian Investing

An investment strategy that goes against prevailing market sentiment.

Nelson Aldrich

A powerful U.S. senator who was the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee during this period.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. While a political document, its stipulation that the U.S. pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines had major financial consequences for the United States. 

Tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods, which were a primary source of U.S. government revenue and were used to finance the new territorial acquisitions. 

Money Supply

The total amount of money in circulation within an economy.

Gold Standard

A monetary system where a country's currency has a value directly linked to a fixed quantity of gold.

Theodore Roosevelt

The President of the United States who championed the construction of the Panama Canal. 

Public Finance

The management of a state's money to fund projects for the public good, like the Panama Canal. 

Infrastructure Investment

Government spending on large-scale physical projects like canals, roads, and bridges. 

Government Bonds

A form of debt issued by a government to finance its spending. These were used to fund the canal's construction.

Tolls

Fees charged for the use of a piece of transportation infrastructure, such as a canal or bridge.

Strategic Investment

An investment made not just for immediate financial return, but to achieve a long-term geopolitical or competitive advantage.

Nelson Aldrich

A powerful U.S. senator who was a key architect of the plan for the Federal Reserve. 

Woodrow Wilson

The U.S. President who signed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 into law. 

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

The U.S. legislation that created the Federal Reserve, the central banking system of the United States. 

Central Bank

A national bank that manages a country's money supply, provides financial services to the government and other banks, and acts as a lender of last resort. 

Lender of Last Resort

The most critical function of a central bank during a financial panic: providing emergency liquidity to solvent but cash-strapped financial institutions to prevent a systemic collapse.

Money Supply

The total amount of money in circulation in an economy. One of the Fed's primary roles is to manage this. 

Creditor Nation

A country that has lent more money to other countries than it has borrowed from them. After WWI, the U.S. became the world's largest creditor nation. 

Liberty Bonds

Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury to finance the American war effort during World War I.

Gold Standard

A monetary system where a country's currency is linked to a fixed quantity of gold. The U.S. remaining on the gold standard while European nations suspended it was a key factor in its financial rise.

Woodrow Wilson

The President of the United States during World War I.

Carter Glass

The U.S. Secretary of the Treasury who managed the financing of the war effort.

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 1): The Louisiana Purchase

  • "The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Perspective" by Junius P. Rodriguez
  • "Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power" by Jon Meacham
  • "Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat" by Raymond Walters Jr.

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 2): The California Gold Rush

  • "The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream" by H.W. Brands
  • "A Financial History of the United States" by Jerry W. Markham
  • "The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War" by Leonard L. Richards
  • World History Encyclopedia, "California Gold Rush"
  • United States Mint, "History of the San Francisco Mint"

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 3): Seward's Gamble

  • "Seward's Folly: A New Look at the Alaska Purchase" by Lee A. Farrow
  • "The Alaska Purchase and Russian-American Relations" by Ronald J. Jensen
  • "Alaska: A History of the 49th State" by Claus-M. Naske
  • "The Purchase of Alaska" by Archie W. Shiels
  • World History Encyclopedia, "Alaska Purchase"

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 4): The Spoils of War

  • "Forging an American Empire: William McKinley and the Spanish-American War" by Walter L. Williams
  • "The United States and the Philippines: A History of Colonial and Neocolonial Relations" by Stephen R. Shalom
  • "Puerto Rico: A Colonial Experiment" by Raymond Carr
  • "Guam: A History of its Discovery and Development" by Paul Carano and Pedro C. Sanchez.
  • "Nelson W. Aldrich: A Statesman and Financier" by Richard E. Welch Jr.
  • "Alaska: A History of the 49th State" by Claus-M. Naske

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 5): The Canal's Cost

  • "The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914" by David McCullough
  • "Panama Fever: The Epic Story of the Building of the Panama Canal" by Matthew Parker
  • "The Panama Canal: A Study in International Law and Diplomacy" by L.M. Padelford
  • "The Panama Canal and World Peace" by Norman Angell

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 6): The Birth of the Fed

  • "The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve" by G. Edward Griffin
  • "A Financial History of the United States" by Jerry W. Markham
  • "The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm" by Robert F. Bruner and Sean D. Carr
  • World History Encyclopedia, "Federal Reserve Act"
  • The Federal Reserve, "The Federal Reserve Act" (official history)

Sources for The American Ledger (Part 7): The Great War's Toll

  • "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" by John Maynard Keynes
  • "The First World War: A Global History" by Hew Strachan
  • "The Pity of War" by Niall Ferguson
  • "The Great War and the Remaking of Global Finance" by Eric Helleiner

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